Interviewing The Dealings Of Directing Interviews

According to Maccoby and Maccoby (1954) interviews are a face-to-face oral conversation where one person tries to produce expressions or information of belief or views from another person (1954: 449 in Brinkmann, 2013: 1-2). One form of interviewing in this sense is qualitative interviewing. Qualitative interviewing today has become an important method in social science as well as other scientific backgrounds such as education and the health sciences, with some arguing that interviewing has become the dominant source through which the social sciences and society engage with the matters which are of concern to us (Rapley, 2001 in Brinkmann, 2013: 1). Most might assume that a book on qualitative interviewing would concentrate specifically on the dealings of directing interviews. In Reflective Interviewing: A Guide to Theory and Practice by Kathryn Roulston (2010) this viewpoint and much more than that is presented (Cooper, 2010). Here she reports ways that the theoretical perspectives of the researcher can advise not just the interview itself but also each phase of the interview process (Cooper, 2010). This work applies a methodology to qualitative interviews where Roulston (2010) differentiates and defines qualitative interviews in terms of their theoretical orientations. These typologies she describes to be neo-positivist, romantic, constructionist, postmodern, transformative and de-colonizing (Wolgemuth et al, 2015). Taking particular focus on two of the typologiesShow MoreRelatedInterview With The Management Principles Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization, managers carry out technical and interpersonal activities and work through and with other people. PPG 4. This paper will summarize my interview with such manager, along with the description of the purpose of interview, brief introduction of the interviewee and his organization. The paper will also relate ideas and topics covered in the interview with the management principles in healthcare and finally explain what was learnt in this process. I interviewed Grant Landsbach - Data Integrity/MPIRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Lucy Walkers Waste Land1205 Words   |  5 Pagestheir economic standing for granted or believe they cannot make a difference using their talents and abilities. Through the use of interviews and camera shots, the film shines a harsh light on social issues including but not limited to the corruption of the Brazilian government, the poor distribution of wealth, and the destruction of the environment. By interviewing the pickers about their occupations and personal life stories, Walker strengthens her credibility and engenders the audience`s sentimentsRead Morecase study student development1772 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst year on the Resident Assistant Selection committee. The school holds twenty positions and currently has seven available. Cheryl is the head of the RA Selection committee and she is the Assistant Director of Residence Life. The committee will interview nineteen students and rank them from â€Å"best† to â€Å"not ready† for the position. In the ranking process, Cheryl asked them to take note of candidates’ race and ethnicity based on observable features and/or names. Out of the nineteen students, five wereRead MoreCoercive Interrogations And The Elicitation Of False Confessions2502 Words   |  11 Pagesinfluential manual on interrogation.’ In the widely used Criminal Interrogations and Confessions, Inbau et al advocate a three-step examination process: (1) ‘The gathering of evidence and interviewing of victims and witnesses; (2) A non-accusatorial interview of the suspect using the ‘Behaviour Analysis Interview’ to assess any evidence of deception; and (3) An accusatorial-focused interrogation in which a nine-step technique is implemented.’ Within the nine-step process, an interrogator ‘psychologicallyRead MoreResearch Proposal2386 Words   |  10 Pagesinterpretations on how people think. 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Supervision is important as a means of promoting managerialRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pages04-Marshall-4864.qxd 2/1/2006 3:16 PM Page 97 4 Data Collection Methods ⠝â€" ⠝â€" ⠝â€" Q ualitative researchers typically rely on four methods for gathering information: (a) participating in the setting, (b) observing directly, (c) interviewing in depth, and (d) analyzing documents and material culture. These form the core of their inquiry—the staples of the diet. Several secondary and specialized methods of data collection supplement them. This chapter provides a brief discussion of the primary and

Effects Of Nutrition Information Inclusion At Fast Food...

Effects of Nutrition Information Inclusion at Fast Food Restaurants Philadelphia’s menu labeling law has required chain restaurants like McDonald’s to include nutritional information about the food they serve on their menu boards. For the law to be effective in changing the health condition of citizens in Philadelphia, it is crucial for citizens to fully understand the nutrition information listed. â€Å"In order for fast food consumers to respond to calorie information on menu boards it is necessary that they both notice and understand the posted calorie information† (Breck 31). The importance of understanding nutrition to be able to acknowledge caloric information is noted in an article titled, â€Å"Who reports noticing and using calorie information posted on fast-food restaurant menus?†. Published by Breck, he studies the demographics of who pays attention to nutritional labels on menu boards when Philadelphia’s menu labeling law took place in 2010. McDonald’s and other fast food restaurant’s inclu sion of nutritional information has been unsuccessful in greatly improving the health of citizens within Philadelphia since not all consumers have the knowledge to understand the value of proper nutrition. Breck’s study examined 8 different McDonalds locations within Philadelphia, as well as two other fast food restaurants that played a role in feeding the city. McDonalds, Burger King, and KFC had the largest restaurant presence in the city (Breck 31). From the self-reported responses ofShow MoreRelatedThe Food And Drug Administration1903 Words   |  8 Pageslawmakers have promoted as a step forward required calorie labeling on restaurant menus. Such legislation passed as a portion of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 and will be in effect as of December 1, 2016. On December 1, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration released a Final Rule clarifying the requirements, which include easy-to-see calorie counts for all â€Å"standard menu items,† as well as the inclusion of statements communicating the average daily intake of 2,000 caloriesRead MoreMcFit Marketing Strategy Plan Essay5504 Words   |  23 PagesWhite Castle restaurant introduced the concept of fast food in Wichita, Kansas, offering quality hamburgers prepared in open view (Wilson, Unkn). By the 1960s, several fast food restaurants began serving across the nation, including Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and McDonald’s (Wilson, Unkn). Eventually, fast food became so common that â€Å"†¦by the end of the twentieth century†¦96% of Americans had visited McDonald’s at least once† (Random History.com, 2009). 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Domino s Enterprise functions within the quick service pizza restaurant and is known for its legendary handmade pizza products, baked sandwiches and stuffed cheesy crusts. Besides pioneering the efficiency of delivery, they had continuously executed several innovative pizza delivery methods that had made impact in theRead MoreFood Security Bill3518 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction National Food Security Bill (referred to as NFSB in this report) is a proposed act which makes food availability a right for every citizen of India. The bill has come about after discussion amongst large number of stakeholders including right to food campaigners, National Advisory Council (NAC) and Government of India. There is a widespread agreement about the intension of the food security and a visibly clear gap about how to implement it. 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The Core Challenges of Managing Change in the Workplace Today Free Essays

I am writing this article in order to identify how change is managed in business, given today’s economic downturn. In order to do this I am going to compare the experiences of a manager in a large business, which is faced with challenges and change nearly everyday. This will give me an insight into the real challenges of a manager and how these compare to the examples given in the literature that is written around this topic. We will write a custom essay sample on The Core Challenges of Managing Change in the Workplace Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have also chosen this topic, as it is appropriate for the module I study and I have to complete such research in order to further me in this module.Change is ‘an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another. ’ (Worldnetweb – change definition) Although change does cause challenges which are difficult to overcome and can have negative outcomes as well as positive ones, ‘organizational success requires integrating both change and stability’ and ‘some cultures warn that organizations must change or dies’ therefore suggesting that ‘stability breeds complacency. ’ (Paula J. Caproni – Page 284) An expansion on change is change management, which is the part that the managers of companies are in control of.This management of the change is the process that prevents problems and deals with the challenges faced. Change management is ‘an integral part of all managerial work that copes with the changing patterns of resource input and knowledge available to work organizations and the shifting demands made upon them by the parties with which they deal, and initiates changes that manager perceive to be in their interests or the interests of those who employ them. ’ (Tony Watson – Page 448) A challenge is ‘a demanding or simulating situation. (Worldnetweb – challenge definition) Challenges are a struggle for someone like a manager to deal with but are something that someone in such power becomes used to as they occur so often in a working environment. Sometimes challenges can be seen as beneficial as managers thrive on the completion of them. For example, according to psychologist Mihay Csikszentmihalyi ‘We are more likely to feel engaged in a task if it requires skill that stretch out abilities yet are still within our reach. (Paula J. Caproni – Page 395) I believe the challenges of change within a business to be and an important topic as the handling of such challenges is what makes a good or bad manager. A manager who can efficiently sort out the challenges faced by a business and can draw positives from the results of the change that has occurred is a manager who is useful for the business and who can drive them to success.Studying in depth into some of the changes that occur within a business an the challenges that arise and how they are dealt with gives an insight into how badly or poorly managers deal with situations and can be used as a case study for managers to take note and incorporate the good techniques and prevent the bad ones. Some changes that come about in a business can be difficult to just enforce, therefore creating challenges for the manager in charge.The key challenges that arose from my research were, the laying off of long serving members of staff, the adjustment of staff to new technology, the litigation involved with splitting with a joint venture and also the struggle of the economic downturn on a market which has particularly struggled, the housing market. Fo r the first scenario the manager took the decision to lay off the workers, although they were long standing, as this was what was best for the business in the current downturn of the economic climate.The positives of the actions of the manager are that they looked at the overall positive not the individual negative therefore benefiting the company. The process of reducing the workforce in a business is one that takes strong leadership and a great deal of thought. ‘The leaders of structural changes must implement a process that ensures equity and due consideration to employees. ’ (Garg, Rajiv Kumar, Singh, T P – Dec 2002) This example being similar to that of the manager I interviewed whereby the selection of who should be told to leave and who shouldn’t rests solely on their shoulders and it’s a decision that takes a strong character.Weakness in the leader can result in the wrong decision being made, for example selecting close friendship employees to stay on rather than a more capable worker. Secondly the introduction of new IT technology brought about challenges as some of the older more longer standing members of staff were used to the training for the old software. This was dealt with well by instead of employing more staff and getting rid of the less capable staff, the manage decided to mix up the work teams so that experience was mixed with inexperience, allowing on the job training to occur from employ ee to employee.The journal of managing change (Harding P, 2004) states that ‘ for change to be effective it needs to be implemented at all levels; embedded in the culture of the organization. To keep colleagues with you on this they need to be motivated and you need to understand what motivates them. ’ This is linked to the challenge this manager experienced as they had to implement a new IT system across the whole of the company whether people wanted it or not and in order to make sure they worked with it and kept their work rates up they had to make sure they were motivated to understand the technology.As mentioned before this was done by integration of teams which will have helped to motivate staff as on the job training is usually successful in these situations. Another challenge for the manager was the split with a joint venture in which the joint venture decided to take legal action against the process of the split. This can cause major problems within the business if the process wasn’t taken out correctly.The manager has learnt from this experience and the challenges it presented, that before legal binding with someone they should be researched thoroughly deciding whether they are right for the venture required and has similar goals to themselves. ‘In j oint ventures the interfirm relationship between the parents plays an important role. Van der Meer-Kooistra and Vosselman (2000) argue that in addition to transaction characteristics, it is the characteristics of the co-operating parties which shape control. In a joint venture there are four important relational characteristics: parental differences, information asymmetry, trust, and bargaining power. ’ (Pieter E. Kamminga – Jan 2007) These four points relate to the challenge of the manager as they struggled when splitting with a joint venture. This was down to a lack of trust, differences in views and bad information on the type of business the joint venture were. It is mistakes like this that will train the manager for the future and therefore improve the businesses potential at getting a more suitable joint venture.Challenges regularly occur when working to a deadline on a major project and this was apparent when the manager had to deal with the process of the purchase of a large competitor and the deadline work involved so that the transaction went through smoothly. In this instance a team had to be made and this team had to effective and efficient in order to complete before the deadline but make sure they were accurat e and precise with the work they did. This team had to be managed and put together through a selection process, in order to make sure the task was carried out correctly.This is a prime example of what was once said by Dwight D Eisenhower, ‘Leadership: The art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. ’ (Thinkexist. com – quotes) This quote relates to this real life example as the change and leadership that occurred was something that both the manager and the employees wanted to do, as the manager wanted the task complete in order to better the business and the workers were incentivized by the bonus that was available for successful completion on time. This motion of both parties wanting to make something happen can improve efficiency and quality dramatically.Finally the challenge which has been present throughout all the other challenges discussed and has also been one of the main factors affecting decisions made is the challenge of dealing with the current downf all in the economic climate, which has hit the housing market harder than most. This has been a challenge for the manager as they have had to adjust targets accordingly as customers have less incentives to purchase houses in the current climate, they have also had to keep staff happy as the downturn has caused loss of jobs and therefore a fall in morale. Financial and economic collapses in 2007-2008 and 1929-1930 followed unprecedented residential mortgage credit expansions. Industry suffered from declining expenditures on housing and durable goods, and income fell when production and employment declined. ’ (Vernon L. Smith and Steven Gjerstad – Jan 2010) This is the result of the economic crisis that occurred whereby housing was one of the hardest hit industries. This put extreme strain on the workforce and the managers themselves, as they had to incorporate skills that weren’t necessary before hand.All of the changes above that the manager had to go about sorting and controlling came about because of a business trying to better itself and improve its current ways. The changes were therefore highly affected throughout by the economic crisis and the effects it had on businesses. Budgets had to be reassessed, jobs had to be taken into consideration and downsizing in some departments had to be done. All of these in order to keep costs low, profits high and make sure the business survived. Most of these decisions have to be made by the manager as they have control of the different teams, including the finance and the HR.From the challenges that the manager has gone through I have been able to come to the conclusion about what the manager has done well and what could be improved in certain situations. Concluding the first situation, what the manager did well was that he decided who was made redundant based upon their ability to the job rather than whom they liked or were close to. This therefore meant the sacking of people he was friendly with but in order to make the decision and change beneficial this had to be done.This therefore suggests that the manager has the businesses long-term success in mind and shows a strong character. The second challenge was also dealt with well as the manager incorporated change with as little detrimental effect as possible. Instead of spending more money on training or having to get rid of the staff that couldn’t use the technology, the teams of people was mixed and training took part this way for no cost. In this certain circumstance this was highly beneficial as the staff that were unable to use the technology were the long-standing taff that had greater knowledge and experience of the industry and other pieces of older technology. With the next challenge the manager openly admitted that they had made a mistake when entering into joint venture with a company that weren’t suitable to be joined with them. This problem came about due to lack of research into the business and this meant, as described by the manager ‘acrimonious split. ’ In the future the manager should set a team to research the business thoroughly throughout its past and also how it ma rkets itself.Also a face-to-face meeting would allow the manager to get a realistic opinion on what their morals and ethics are around business and customers. The fourth challenge that was discussed by the manager was the merging with a large competitor and the process of leading up to it, assessing if the takeover was going to be beneficial or detrimental. This was done well on the face of things as it was said that the team was selected and offered a bonus based on performance, both of which are high motivators.However the fact that some people were picked and some people weren’t picked could have a damaging effect on the people who weren’t as they feel below fellow workers, on the other hand it could motivate them more as they may be determined to prove their ability to the manager. Finally the final challenge which overall as the main challenge as it was one that ran throughout the others, this was the economic crisis/downturn that occurred worldwide but more importantly nationally. The manager’s positives and negatives are hard to measure in this case, as currently it is an ongoing problem.The best way to asses ho w well they have done is looking at the over all results of the other challenges as most of these have been done in the current economic climate, so have had to shape their changes round that. The high experience and educational background allowed the manager to be able to quickly assess the economic situation and come up with solutions to the ongoing problems it creates. ReferencesChange definition – http://wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=change Caproni, Paula J (2005) – Management skills for everyday life 2nd edition: Why change is important (Page 284)Harding, P. – Managing change 2004 (http://www. oursouthwest. com/SusBus/mggchange. pdf) James M. Kouzes, Barry Z. Posner – Encouraging the heart (http://media. iley. com/product_data/excerpt/40/07879418/0787941840-1. pdf)C. Dean Pielstick – The Transforming Leader: A Meta-Ethnographic Analysis (http://www. ila-net. org/Publications/Proceedings/1998/Pielstick. pdf) How to cite The Core Challenges of Managing Change in the Workplace Today, Papers

Data Mining for Command Line Interface -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theData Mining for Command Line Interface. Answer: Features of Data Mining tool Data mining tools have various features which perform various functions. The key features include graphical interface, command line interface, API, algorithms, In-memory, interactive dashboard, multiple file support, and data management methods. Each data mining tool has an interface which allows users to interact with the tool. Some tools have a graphical user interface (GUI) while others have both GUI and command line interfaces. GUI is aimed at allowing users to complete data mining projects without the need of programming languages (Mikut, 2011). GUI is relatively easy to use for most people especially non-programmers. This is because command line interface (CLI) require technical knowledge in various programming languages such as python, R, Java, etc. Data mining tools with CLI allow users to access all features and are useful for scripting large data mining jobs. Most data mining tools have APIs which are key in data mining (Han, 2011). These APIs are used to perform varying functions. For example, a particular API can be used to mine trends from input data. Webhost.io is a data mining API that allows users to find structured web data that an be leveraged to scale big data operations. Other functions of the APIs include extracting data from the web, grouping sentences or short texts, retrieving data from wiki data store, encrypt data, etc. Data mining tools such as Weka and Rapid Miner have an API which can be integrated into custom applications. Data mining is dependent on algorithms which are designed to analyze specific aspects in a dataset. Data mining tools have a set of algorithms which are used independently or in combination to analyze the data. Selection algorithms are the most common in data mining tools. They are classified as wrapper, filter, and embedded methods. Filter methods rely on a measure to assign a score to each feature. Some of the filter methods include information gain, and Chi-squared test. Wrapper methods view the selection process as a search problem which involves different combinations that have to be compared. The methods consider a predictive model which assigns a score and apply a methodical search process. Recursive feature elimination algorithm is an example of a wrapper method. Also, embedded method is one of the features in data mining tools which are in improving the accuracy of models. It is common for data mining tools to have an in-memory database which is a system that uses main memory for data storage. Main memory is much faster than disk databases as access to disk tends to be slow. This feature is critical in enhancing the processing speed of the tool when mining data. Main memory incorporates simple internal optimization algorithms and has few CPU instructions which enhances the performance of the data mining tool. These tools also integrate an interactive dashboard that includes various options that users can leverage to view the results of the data mining process. The dashboard is aimed at making the tools easy to use for many people (Romero, 2008). With a dashboard, new users can easily apply data filters and algorithms to analyze the datasets available. It also allows users to create charts and graphs from the data. Since data mining tools handle various kinds of data from different sources, they support multiple file formats. Some tools may handle specific data format, but most support a lot of formats. Some of the formats supported including CSV, XML, HTML/A, TIFF, GeoTIFF, MP3, MOV, among others. Multiple file support is an important feature that is considered when purchasing data mining tool. Additionally, these tools have various data management methods aimed at enhancing the data mining process. Some of the methods are data preparation and data filtering. Before processing the dataset obtained, the data has to be filtered to avoid skewed results that may not represent the reality. How data mining realize the value of data warehouse Data warehouse plays an instrumental role in integrating data from different databases. The objective of the data warehouse is not to store data but help firms to make informed decisions based on the insight gained from the data. It supports this goal by offering an architecture for organizing and assessing data from various sources. In data warehouses, data may be stored in flat files, database tables, or spreadsheets. To realize the value of a data warehouse, it is critical to obtain knowledge from the information stored. However, due to the amount and complexity of data, it is challenging for data analysts to determine trends and relationships using simple query tools. Data mining is an effective way of extracting knowledge such as trends and patterns from the data. Data mining process involves analyzing data and generating useful information. It relies on complex data analysis tools to identify patterns and relationships in datasets stored within the data warehouse. These tools are more advanced than querying tools as they use complicated algorithms to analyze the datasets (Van der Aalst, 2011). With data mining, firms can leverage their large datasets to identify patterns that may have business implications. Many businesses apply data mining to gain business intelligence that is vital in aligning with market trends and competing with rivals. Data mining enables businesses with warehouses to identify patterns that can be used to predict trends. Data mining tools include predictive models which assist in predicting future trends based on the patterns observed in the datasets. For example, a fashion company that sells fashion products to its customers and has a data warehouse can leverage data mining tools to predict future trends in the fashion industry. Data on customer purchasing behavior as well as customer growth can be vital in predicting business growth expected by the company (Ngai, 2009). For firms that work in the marketing industry, it is essential to understand customer behavior and habits. Such firms have data warehouses that hold customer data and their purchasing history. With data mining systems, the firms can analyze customer data and determine customer profiles. Results from such a process are helpful in monitoring customer habits. The firms can gain value from the results by leveraging them to build customer-oriented marketing campaigns. Knowledge can be vital when making decisions. While data warehouse contains vast amounts of data, firms cannot benefit from it unless they obtain knowledge. Data mining helps to identify important patterns and relationships which can be incorporated into business applications. Through data mining, firm managers can have access to crucial insight that can help them to make precise business decisions. Firms that collect information from their customer and operations have a competitive advantage over their rivals. Such information can be mined to acquire knowledge about market changes, customer, and preferences. Data mining is key in supporting market-based analysis on the data available in the data warehouses. The process involves information that is gathered on the basis of market information from various sources. With data mining tools, firms can analyze the market and identify key trends that should be considered in business planning to maintain the competitiveness of the firm in the market. Additionally, data mining allows banks to gain value and protect their operations. Marketing analysis which is enabled by data mining process helps bank firms to find fraud. Banks can identify customers involved in fraud and close their accounts to protect their operations. References Han, J., Pei, J., Kamber, M. (2011).Data mining: concepts and techniques. Elsevier. Mikut, R., Reischl, M. (2011). Data mining tools.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery,1(5), 431-443. Ngai, E. W., Xiu, L., Chau, D. C. (2009). Application of data mining techniques in customer relationship management: A literature review and classification.Expert systems with applications,36(2), 2592-2602. Romero, C., Ventura, S., Garca, E. (2008). Data mining in course management systems: Moodle case study and tutorial.Computers Education,51(1), 368-384. Van der Aalst, W. M. (2011). Data Mining. InProcess Mining(pp. 59-91). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Of Human Bondage Review Essay Example

Of Human Bondage Review Paper Essay on Of Human Bondage Really great work that reveals the many flaws in the character of people, showing peoples thoughts. Reveals the contradictory actions of the characters. This is the contradiction of the book. The main character Philip Carey important proof. In early works, I treated him with a sense of pity, and believed that he still be able to conquer the self respect as a person. But after all his humiliating acts for Mildred, miserable waitress, I felt some disappointment. Thats really really Everyone architect of his own fortune! And everyone chooses their own destiny. And maybe, in fact, love is blind ?! After all, no one is forcing Philip persevere displays of affection for him, the more he thinks about the fact that this treatment brings only one experiencing it. For me, this feature a man has no self-esteem. I even Mildred sometimes treated with great respect, che to him. Because she knows about at least for what she did and why humiliate Philip ran to Miller. She chooses the best for them selves, a better life, a life without a lack of money. And for what Philip spends his years It is very observant, very correctly described the feelings of Philip -? First attraction, then hatred, and then by just feeling Just to satisfy his evil passions. Note that this is probably true, as men described feeling man. But Philip is justified to hurt Mildred. Sleep, revenge and throw like a used tissue. Because he failed to achieve what he wants. In general, he was a great egotist. On the one hand, I understand that he has a physical ailment, he had to go through a lot in this regard but on the other hand not just me because no other. At the same time he condemned Fanny Price .. for the anger the people that surrounded her. And he did not do better. Recall at least Nora because she gave him all the love which could, emotional warmth, she managed to convince him that he was limping a trifle, not worthy of attention. And he did it . As I adore Nora! Well done! The feeling of pride in me has risen up to the limit of the feminine We will write a custom essay sample on Of Human Bondage Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Of Human Bondage Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Of Human Bondage Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The longer read the more I realized that Philip is not more than angry at the whole world of people. Instead of raising a good, he cultivated anger. He believed that all the blame for the fact that he did not catch on life as he wants to. As a child, yet it is clear he did not belong to himself, but then when he became a young man of charges is not diminished. He was trying to prove to the world that he is the same as all. but I opted for this rather strange ways. And his mind is not proof of willpower. He did not know, see what he wanted from life. He did not have a clear purpose (unlike Mildred, Fanny Price) . He fell from one extreme to another. He had two conditions: 1. The person must indulge him in all things, because the protagonist is physically deprived; 2. Love for another person, and a good attitude if only the weaker Philip. And then Philip benefactor. He reveled in his good deeds and waited in response to the same .. as it was written Somerset: He had a theory, it i s believed that women dissolute by nature and that persistence eventually always win. Consumer .. Feeling it was born out of wounded pride » . She put in the evaluation of the 7, because of the effect of the LP candy. .vrode as has long her thumb in her mouth, but she still does not end here and .. thumb-thumb and then BANG! -zhenilsya love and the end of the book. Another factor when Philip parted with Nora during these two chapters I have at least ten times counted the word angry well, somehow jarred me .. Is Somerset Maugham already grinding out work? The General could not go to bat for so long . And say: The main character -tryapka who is willing to go over the heads and hearts of the people, which he is very dear for the sake of their own self-esteem and obscure desires »

How to Use the Complement Rule in Statistics

How to Use the Complement Rule in Statistics In statistics, the complement rule is a theorem that provides a connection between the probability of an event and the probability of the complement of the event in such a way that if we know one of these probabilities, then we automatically know the other one. The complement rule comes in handy when we calculate certain probabilities. Many times the probability of an event is messy or complicated to compute, whereas the probability of its complement is much simpler. Before we see how the complement rule is used, we will define specifically what this rule is. We begin with a bit of notation.  The complement of the event  A, consisting of all elements in the  sample space  S  that are not elements of the set  A, is denoted by  AC. Statement of the Complement Rule The complement rule is stated as the sum of the probability of an event and the probability of its complement is equal to 1, as expressed by the following equation: P(AC) 1 – P(A) The following example will show how to use the complement rule. It will become evident that this theorem will both speed up and simplify probability calculations. Probability Without the Complement Rule Suppose that we flip eight fair coins - what is the probability that we have at least one head showing? One way to figure this out is to calculate the following probabilities. The denominator of each is explained by the fact that there are 28 256 outcomes, each of them equally likely. All of the following us a formula for combinations: The probability of flipping exactly one head is C(8,1)/256 8/256.The probability of flipping exactly two heads is C(8,2)/256 28/256.The probability of flipping exactly three heads is C(8,3)/256 56/256.The probability of flipping exactly four heads is C(8,4)/256 70/256.The probability of flipping exactly five heads is C(8,5)/256 56/256.The probability of flipping exactly six heads is C(8,6)/256 28/256.The probability of flipping exactly seven heads is C(8,7)/256 8/256.The probability of flipping exactly eight heads is C(8,8)/256 1/256. These are mutually exclusive events, so we sum the probabilities together using one the appropriate addition rule. This means that the probability that we have at least one head is 255 out of 256. Using the Complement Rule to Simplify Probability Problems We now calculate the same probability by using the complement rule. The complement of the event â€Å"We flip at least one head† is the event â€Å"There are no heads.† There is one way for this to occur, giving us the probability of 1/256. We use the complement rule and find that our desired probability is one minus one out of 256, which is equal to 255 out of 256. This example demonstrates not only the usefulness but also the power of the complement rule. Although there is nothing wrong with our original calculation, it was quite involved and required multiple steps. In contrast, when we used the complement rule for this problem there were not as many steps where calculations could go awry.​

HR Pay scale and benefits programs for HR Professional Essay

HR Pay scale and benefits programs for HR Professional - Essay Example A wide range f methods are used to conduct performance appraisals, from the simplest f ranking schemes through objective-based, standard-based and competency-based system to complex behaviorally anchored rating schemes (Snape et al., 1994). Such as (Dessler, 1997): "There is no general theory about performance per se" (Guest 1997). However, the differentiate between a good, average or indifferent performance could be measured with performance criteria which basis on the empirical evidence. Armstrong and Baron (1998) highlight two central propositions used to justify performance assessment: (1) People, either as individuals or teams, put the greatest effort into performing well if they know and understand what is expected f them and have had an involvement in specifying those expectations. (2) Employees' ability to meet performance expectations is based on: individual levels f capability; the degree f support provided by management; and the processes, systems and resources made available to them by the organization. While Boxall (2003) state that the task f judging a firm's performance in HRM is complex and controversial. There is no single criterion to exam the effective f performance management. It can be argued on three aspects - its productivity, its flexibility and its legitimacy. Pursuing productivity and flexibility goals inevitably involves the management f strategic tensions, including the problem f how to balance short-run needs for stable performance with long-run needs for agility. The role f legitimacy aims to build employment citizenship thus increase organizational performance. Organization takes many forms, whatever, how an organization is structured, its output is the product f interaction between different employees, departments, divisions and so on. Frequently, it is difficult to determine whose performance has been critical, or most significant, to the completion f a particular task (Price, 2004). In practice, according to Armstrong and Baron (1998), the goals f managing performance are: - Serving as a lever for change in developing a more performance-oriented culture. - Assisting in achieving sustainable

Britain in 1960s and 1980s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Britain in 1960s and 1980s - Essay Example Britain in 1960s and 1980s This was because the 70 million children from the post war baby boom had by then transformed into teenagers and young adults. This was a movement that weaned away from the conservative notions of the fifties and led to revolutionary thinking and change in the overall cultural life of British and Americans. This was a generation slightly ahead of the previous generation of its time. This youth strived for and demanded change. They were mostly rich from their ancestors and families and longed for changes that would impact educations, entertainment, laws, values and lifestyle. This generation has had immense impact and some of its revolutionary ways continue to trend in even today. (Hall, 1993) Towards the end of 1940s and the beginning of 1950s striking differences between the teens and parents began to crop up. The paradigms of the British dating system was completely transforming towards the end of 1950s. The â€Å"Make Love Not War† was trending towards a social subculture th at was weaning away from the concept of â€Å"rating and dating† system and moving towards steady relationships and early marriages. Television had started gaining momentum and becoming increasingly popular amongst the teens. They were now portrayed as juvenile delinquents. The youth of this era was rich and preferred a lavish life style. Thus it does not come as a surprise that it was in the sixties only that the counter culture hippies emerged. (Cohen, 1964) There were varying opinions about draft and military involvement by them. Drug usage became significant for this generation and a major topic with the generation gap of this era. This is denoted by a depiction of Alfred E.Neuman on the cover of Mad Magazine, issue no 129, dated September 1969. In this cover, thy show the â€Å"old† Alfred on the left side and the â€Å"new† Alfred on the right side. The old one is wearing a â€Å"My Country: Right or Wrong† label button while the young one can be se en as long haired and on the right wearing a â€Å"Make Love Not War button†. The cover statement of the magazine read as â€Å"MAD Widens the Generation Gap†. Another famous TV series, All in the Family, depicts the nuances of the conservative of middle aged generation of the previous years and that of the then sixties and the issues arising due to these differences in notions amongst the generation. (Usual Gang of Idiots, 2000) As explained in the aforementioned paragraphs, the drug youth culture also gained momentum during the 1960s. Many people are of the view that an influx of thirty year youth consuming drugs and the inception of this was the 1960s. This trend affected many other western cultures with America and Britain being the primary targets. The western culture became severely damaged as a result of this. Many western movies depict this trend. For instance, Transpoitting and Basketball diaries demonstrate this youth subculture. The sub culture is infused wi th anti-social behavior signaling the negative impact of this sub culture on the youths. It highlites how the youth rejected their main stream society and identity in this era. The film also places emphasis on the role of media in its influence on this type of youth culture. Thus the youth of this era was more rebellious and provocative in their rejection of norms. The influx of drug culture in particular was a result of repeated references to drugs in popular culture. The youth started romanticizing the drug culture which led to its massive adoption all over. Most

The Use of Force by Police, Specific Cases and their Implications Research Paper

The Use of Force by Police, Specific Cases and their Implications - Research Paper Example Force is used by the police to overcome resistance to their authority and to protect both civilians and officers. It is necessary that they have this ability in order for them to carry out their function, and the use of reasonable force is legal. However, the subject is one of significant contention, in regards to both non-deadly and deadly force. The use of force is often connected with racism, with significant concern by civilians that many instances where force is used are the result of racial profiling. There is rising debate about whether the police overstep their boundaries in the use of force, using force when it is not necessary, and in order to subdue or suppress civilians that are involved in undesirable, but not illegal actions. Examples of this include use of police force on civilians during peaceful protests, and using excessive force on particular races but not others. This had lead to concerns that control surrounding the use of force in the police is severely lacking. The manner in which police use force is varied and depends on the circumstance, the individuals involved and the agency in which the officer is from. The most basic form of force involves the use of handcuffs. Other non-lethal forms of force include the use of conductive energy devices (CEDs) such as tasers, and of aerosol sprays such as Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray, also known as pepper spray (MacDonald et al., 2009). . Firearms are also used, although the rate at which they are discharged is low, with one study estimating at in 0.6% of incidents a firearm was discharged . There are no national laws or regulations that control the use of firearms within the police, and as a consequence, policies differ between cities and states. The rules and directives concerning the use of force differ between agencies. Within the United States, 45% of local and state law enforcement agencies have been found to allow the use of OC spray, and 20-30% allow the use of CEDs to bypass passive resistan ce . Likewise, different agencies and states have different follow-up procedures for the use of force. The amount of force used by police has been found to differ significantly depending on the authority of the police officer. Detectives were found to be considerably more forceful than patrol officers under the same types of situations . Concern for the use of force by the police is partially connected to the lack of discipline for police officers that use force that is greater than the situation requires, even when the force that was used was clearly unjustified. In the case of the use of lethal force through firearms, following incidents it is often unclear whether the force used was unjustified or justified. As the cases are reviewed by the police, there are few cases where the use of force is considered unjustified and as a consequence there are few criminal charges laid . The definition of justified force that is used by the police in these investigations does not always match this

Historical Account of Tragedy in Literature

Historical Account of Tragedy in Literature The chorus in Aeschylus Agamemnon clearly elucidates the Aristotelian principle of tragedy: Zeus, whose will has marked for man the sole way where wisdom lies, ordered one eternal plan: Man must suffer to be wise. Elizabethan tragedy is derived from this moralised model of tragedy as depicted by Aristotle in his Poetics. As a genre, Elizabethan tragedy is distinguished from that of Shakespeare, although Shakespeares tragedies are often held as the epitome of the tragic form. Indeed, the Oxford English Dictionary cites only two quotations from the Renaissance under the entry for tragedy, both of which are from Shakespeare. There appears to be a deliberate judgment in including Shakespeare in the dramatic cannon to the exclusion of such influential playwrights as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Heywood and John Webster. Although it is clear that Shakespeare made an important contribution to the development of modern tragedy, derived from classical models, contemporary dramatists were much more formative in negotiating Aristotelian models of tragedy with the new philosophical, social and political climate of the Renaissance. Philips Sidneys defence of the tragic form in An Apologie for Poetrie (1595) articulates the moral and didactic purpose of poetry. So that the right vse of Comedy will (I thinke) by no body be blamed, and much lesse of the high and excellent Tragedy; that openeth the greatest wounds, and sheweth forth the Vlcers, that are couered with Tissues: that maketh Kinges feare to be Tyrants, and Tyrants manifest their tirannicall humors: that with stirring the affects of admiration and commiseration, teacheth, the vncertainety of this world, and vpon howe weake foundations guilden roofes are built (Sidney F3v-F4) The emphasis on moral instruction is clear, and informed the tragic form in the both Shakespearean and non-Shakespearean dramas. Tragedy, according to Aristotle, is noble and concerned with lofty matters, as opposed to the flippant and crude nature of comedy. Sidney defines the function of tragedy as uncovering the greatest wounds of the inherently weake foundations of the world. Tragedy, therefore, produces an emotional response in the audience by exposing human flaws, which allows them to participate in a form of moral regeneration. Thomas Heywoods An Apology for Actors (1612) also cites the classical model of tragedy in order to elevate English drama in general by accentuating the morally instructive nature of tragedy, as well as to tie his own works to the legitimate tradition of tragedy. If we present a Tragedy, we include the fatall and abortiue ends of such as commit notorious murders, which is aggrauated and acted with all the Art that may be, to terrifie men from the like ab horred practises (Heywood F3v). Heywood thus believes that the tragic downfall of the moral, but flawed, hero is a terrifying lesson to the audience through the pity and fear evoked by watching the play itself, a notion described by Aristotle and termed by modern scholars as catharsis. Despite Heywoods belief in the moral power of tragedy, Renaissance tragedy, for the most part, does not live up to the Aristotelean model. For Stephen Greenblatt (1980), Renaissance theatre, named after a queen whose power is constituted in theatrical celebrations of royal glory and theatrical violence visited upon the enemies of that glory, replays the process of provoking subversion central to the states authorization of its own power: the form itself, as a primary expression of Renaissance power, contains the radical doubts it continually produces (297). Thus, any echo of Aristotelian notions of tragedy in the works of playwrights such as Heywood, Marlowe, Webster, and even Shakespeare, can be seen not as a insistence upon the dramatic perfection of classical forms, but as a means of lending legitimacy to the challenge to political and cultural structures. As Moretti (1982) observed in respect of English Renaissance tragedy one of the decisive influences in the creation of a â€Å"public† that for the first time in history assumed the right to bring a king to justice †¦ Tragedy disentitled the absolute mo narch to all ethical and rational legitimation. Having deconsecrated the king, it thus made it possible to decapitate him (7-8). Rather than reinforcing the social order and legitimizing divine ordination, tragedy opened up the political elite to the possibility of human frailty. Renaissance tragedy can be defined as a violent series of events that is built upon the murder and revenge, concerning characters primarily motivated by jealousy, greed, and anger. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be of noble stature, and while his greatness is readily apparent, he is not perfect. Tragedies often concern the aristocratic elite and thus personal tragedies extend to tragedies of state. The tone of the play is sombre, clearly relating the grief and sorrow of the characters themselves. This â€Å"language of lamentation† serves as a warning against the destructive potential of vice and depravity, and can be linked to the Medieval morality plays. Although the presence of othe r non-dramatic sources conceives a national tradition of tragedy which was established on the English stage as early as 1587, with the performance of Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy. Both The Spanish Tragedy and Marlowes Tamburlaine, performed in the late 1580s, exhibit the beginnings of true Renaissance tragedy. Derived from the revenge plays of Seneca, The Spanish Tragedy is a play which satisfied the Aristotelian need for a binary model of moral order, which is complicated by the relations of individual justice to the social and divine order. Tamburlaine, however, moves away from the reductive moralising of earlier poetry and reflects the influence of the Reformation on the dramatic arts, as the theatre established a new place where human possibilities could be envisioned with new freedom. Marlowe is fully aware that he is making the stage the vehicle of a new consciousness: Onely this (Gentlemen) we must performe, The form of Faustus fortunes good or bad. To patient Iudgements we appeale our plaude. (Marlowe, Faustus, 7-9) This appeal to the moral purpose of the play is misleading, for neither Faustus nor Tamberlaine are characters directed by their moral choices. Tamberlaine, it is arguable, is an agent of God while at the same time exercising his free will with no apparent consequence. Marlowe appears to be addressing familiar issues of blasphemous defiance, tyranny, cruelty and arrogance in Tamburlaine, but ironically he presents these issues as the glory of the tragic hero. Unlike traditional tragedies, there is no stable moral framework, with the result that the audience is left feeling uneasy with the divine implications of the heros downfall. Tamburlaine, rather than submit to his pre-ordained fate, boasts of his own dynamic power: I hold the Fates bound fast in yron chaines, And with my hand turne Fortunes wheel about (369-70) Fate and Fortune, two of the most conventional symbols of human limitation, are here manipulated by the hero not as a sign of his hubris, but rather as a heroic achievement. Marlowe uses this gross inversion as a reflection of the changing values in Renaissance society. As Stephen Greenblatt (1980) says, Marlowe writes in the period in which European man embarked on his extraordinary career of consumption, his eager pursuit of knowledge, with one intellectual model after another seized, squeezed dry, and discarded, and his frenzied exhaustion of the worlds resources (199). The Enlightenment saw the questioning of fundamental assumptions about mans place in the world, a uncertainty reflected in the ambiguous relation between the tragic hero and his divinely ordained fate. C. L. Barber (1988) has commented on the way in which the audience engages with such egotistic individualism of the tragic hero, noting the role of the triumphal individual in the Renaissance and the significance of individualistic prophesying as a disruptive form of expression that challenged the authority and legitimacy of the Church and state. Marlowe writes at a time of religious transition and new philosophical notions of self-consciousness, and appropriates religious language and symbolism to launch an attack on the Church. Tamburlaine rebels against divine, political and social order, and in doing so sets himself beyond limitation and definition, alwaiies moouing as the restles Spheares (876). Tamburlaines rebellion is an uneasy one, for there is no possibility of reconciliation and restoration of order. Theridama, the Chiefest Captain of Mycetes hoste, reveals this as he says: Tamburlaine? A Scythian Shepheard, so imbelished With Natures pride, and richest furniture, His looks do menace heauen an dare the Gods †¦ What stronge enchantments tice my yielding soule? †¦ Won with they words, conquered with thy looks, I yield my selfe, my men horse to thee (350-52, 419, 423-4) Liberation is here figured as one of two choices: to reject the divine or to take it over. In Tamburlaines case, he alternatively threatens heaven and dares the gods, or claims identity with the divine to sanction his violence: til by vision, or by speech I heare / Immortall Ioue say, Cease my Tamburlaine, / I will persist a terrour to the world †¦ (3873-75). Tamburlaine self-aggrandizement is given divine legitimacy: Tamburlaine believes that his tyranny and martial lust are condoned through the gods through their silence. The two-part Tamburlaine is based on the historical figure of Timur, a bloody conqueror of Asia, whose greed for power and extravagance culminates with his inevitable downfall. Tamburlaine deviates from the tragic norm in his depiction of the tragic hero; Tamburlaine is not humbled by his dramatic fall, and no moral lesson is learned and repentance achieved. Tamburlaine does not conform to the model of the tragic hero set out in Poetics. The tragic hero is fated to make a serious error which will cause his fall and tragic death, usually caused by hubris, or prideful arrogance, but he remains likeable to the audience for his inherent goodness. Tamburlaine, in contrast, is a character whose goodness is notably absent. In contrast the Aristotlean model, in which the tragic hero is noble from birth, Tamburlaine is an obscure Scythian shepherd in the opening of part 1. He quickly ascends through his bravery and his eloquent speech, and his ferocity on the battlefield. Tamburlaine sees him self as the scourge of God and even dreams of leading his armies in war against the divine army in heaven. In a scene in which Tamburlaine has defeated Cosroe, he responds to Cosroes demands for the reasons behind his treachery. Nature, that framd us of four elements Warring within our breasts for regiment, Doth teach us all to have aspiring minds: Our souls, whose faculties can comprehend The wondrous architecture of the world, And measure every wandering planets course, Still climbing after knowledge infinite, And always moving as the restless spheres, Wills us to wear ourselves and never rest, Until we reach the ripest fruit of all, That perfect bliss and sole felicity, The sweet fruition of an earthly crown. (I.iv. 13-29) With this final line Tamburlaine snatches the crown from dying Cosroes head and places it on his own head, assuming the power of divine legitimacy for himself. Reordering the humours as in constant opposition, rather than harmonious order, is to legitimize his own militaristic behaviour as part of the natural world. He is, in essence, creating himself out of nothing, as he became an emperor from a shepherd, and as such is taking over the divine role of creation. In doing so, he upsets the authority of the moral order, and even his death does not resolve the moral hierarchy. Thomas Heywoods A Woman Killed with Kindness (1603) is described as a domestic tragedy as it deals not with the tragic downfall of the elite, but on the relationship between a husband and wife. Domesticity is the theme of the play, and the language is correspondingly straightforward and unadorned. In contrast with tragedies such as Hamlet or Tamburlaine, Heywoods play does not concern the intrigues and actions of the aristocratic elite or ruling order. A Woman Killed with Kindness is a morality play, concerned with the infidelity of Anne and her likely punishment. She herself expects only death upon her husbands discovery of her affair: Though I deserve a thousand thousand fold More than you can inflict, yet, once my husband, For womanhood – to which I am a shame, Though once an ornament – even for His sake That hath redeemd our couls, mark not my face Nor hack me with your sword, but let me go Perfect and undeformed to my tomb. (xiii.94-100) Her opinion is born out by the tradition of revenge in tragedies as well as in contemporary practice; indeed, by law husbands reserved the right to kill unfaithful wives (Powell 204). However, despite the clear Christian moralizing, Heywoods play departs drastically from the traditional structure of moral tragedy in that the tragic end of the main character results not from divine judgment and retribution, but from the effects of her wrongdoing on her own consciousness. Before the discovery of her betrayal by her husband, her guilt and remorse are apparent. You have tempted me to mischief, Master Wendoll; I have done I know not what. Well, you plead custom; That which for want of wit I granted erst I now must yield through fear. Come, come, lets in. Once oer shoes, we are straight oer head in sin (xi. 110-14) Her repentance is genuine, and carries forward her tragic end. Anne chooses to starve herself to death, thereby taking control both of her sin and her punishment. Heywood puts into dramatic form †¦ the punishment which arises from the erring characters consciousness of their guilt in the place of the punishment of an exterior physical revenge (Bowers 225). Annes emotional torment is meant as a lesson to the audience, and she makes of herself an exemplary figure, breaking away from the domestic thrust of the play towards the universal. Derived from the classical models of comedy and tragedy set out by Aristotle and envisaged by Seneca, Webseters The White Devil (1612) expands the classical tragic structure by adding elements associated with comedy: ironic repetition, theatrical self-consciousness, and inverted tragic situations. There is a repeated pattern in The White Devil of serious action followed by parody, working to undermine the dramatic tradition of tragedy to create what would become the genre of tragicomedy. Tragicomedy is a distinctly non-Aristotelian genre in which the action and subject of the play demand a tragic ending, but this ending is denied in an ironic reversal which produces the happy ending of a traditional comedy. Aristotle did, in fact, depict a kind of tragedy with a happy ending, which would later become tragicomedy, but it was not until the Renaissance that the genre was seen as a legitimate dramatic form. In The White Devil, the Duke of Florence comments on the popular dislike of the c lassically inspired plays which strictly conform to the structure of tragedy and comedy: My tragedy must have some idle mirth int, Else it will never pass (IV.i.119-20) The Dukes comment suggests that an increasingly demanding audience will no longer accept the single-minded classical plays of strict comedy or tragedy, but demand a sophistication of genre. The White Devil is not unique in its admission of tragicomedy, but it is treated as an expression of doubt about the tragic absolutes and as part of a critical double-vision. Incidents are repeated an parodied throughout Websters play, and this system of parallels is used to undermine the tragic status of the patrician characters. In the final scene the tragic hero Flamineo acts out a grotesque fiction of his own death, which is ironically followed by real murder. The farcical ending is paralleled with the authentic tragic image. With its elaborate system of repetition and parody, its ironic contrasts between interpretations of events, and the insistence that every incident is intimately connected with other incidents, The White Devil emphasises the shifting values and ironic double-visions of tragicomedy into the tragic framework of aspiration, failure, and ultimately death, depicting the double standard of the new society. The action of the play is confined to the relatively narrow setting of Rome and the court at Padua, hinting to the world beyond that of stage. Critics have often found the number of characters in The White Devil problematic, citing di fficulties in staging a production with so many bodies on stage. However, John Russell Brown (1940) has called attention to Websters power of using violent and crowded scenes for sudden and, therefore, striking manifestations of an individuals lies or hypocrisy, the â€Å"variety† of a â€Å"busy trade of life† (Brown 453). In the final act, the presence of so many members of the courtly society emphasises Flamineos fall from power, defining the extent of the competition for the Dukes favour and the uncertainty of Flamineos future now that his relationship with his master is ruined. As a young lord reports to Flamineo concerning Bracciano, A new vp-start: one that swears like a Falckner, and will lye in the Dukes eare day by day like a maker of Almanacks (V.i. 138-9). The White Devil deals with private behaviour made public, and public behaviour motivated by questionable private interests. Vittorias trial reveals her illicit liaison with Bracciano and the murderous consequences, but it is this public censure which results in private revenge. In comparison with Shakespearean tragedies such as Hamlet, or classical tragedies such as Oedipus Rex, the play is extremely social and emphasises Websters preoccupation with the intertwined spheres of public probity and private corruption. The White Devil focuses on the individuals freedom of choice between good and evil, human dignity and the fall from grace, binaries which appear to conform to the traditional Christian morality. Lodovico is accused by Antonelli and Gasparo: Worse then these, / You have acted certaine Murders here in Rome, / Bloody and full of horror (I.i.31-32), and Gasparo continues O my Lord / The law doth sometimes mediate, thinkes it good / Not ever to steepe violent sinnes in blood, / This gentle penance may both end your crimes, / And in the example better these bad times (I.i.33-37). Ludovico is presented a choice, but instead turns to criminality and revenge. His crimes have been presented, the possibility of reform and exoneration provided, and yet he wilfully chooses his course of conduct in spite of this. He exercises his free will, but unlike the Aristotelian tragic hero his destructive path is not redemptive in bringing out moral responsibility. The conclusion of The White Devil is ambig uous, fulfilling the catastrophic ending required of tragedy but without the suggestion of the nobility and greatness of man. Flamineo dies in despair of his worldly goods, wealth and advancement rather than in despair of his worthiness before God. There is the possibility of Flamineo accepting moral responsibility directly before his death as he reflects, While we looke up to heaven wee confound / Knowledge with knowledge (V.vi.259-60), and yet immediately before this he said , I doe not looke / Who went before, nor who shall follow mee; / Noe, at my self I will begin and end (V.vi.256-58). Although the play ends with the death of the tragic hero, as tradition dictates, this is not the satisfactory ending of classical tragedies. There is no remorse, no retraction of arrogance and greed in the face of the divine. As A.L. Kistner (1993) wondered, Where does it lie – in the triumph of will, in grabbing for every expression of self that this world has to offer or in the calm dis cipline of self-denial for a higher picture of man? (267). Webster leaves the audience with an unsatisfactory portrait of free choice and the capacity for moral responsibility. The emergence in the 1580s of an Elizabethan tragic tradition which manipulated the limitations of classical generic boundaries points toward the developing self-consciousness of a modern culture. As evidenced in such works as Tamburlaine and The White Devil, the theatre was the site of an evolving culture in conflict with the older, traditional forms of expression. Marlowe, Webster and Heywood used the stage for the assertion and defense of an ego which †¦ was constantly threatened by powerful forces of desire and conscience, forces which [they] coped with as best as [they] could by making them conscious, by finding a form for them which would command social understanding and the control of shared social attitudes (Barber 37). The new tragic genre was a way of registering an experience of change and di slocation, a shift from the Classical tradition of moral order and stability. Works Cited Aristotle, (1953) Aristotle on the Art of Fiction: an English translation of Aristotles Poetics. Trans. by L. J. Potts. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. Barber, C. L. (1988) Creating Elizabethan Tragedy: the theatre of Marlowe and Kyd. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Bowers, F. T. (1940) Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy 1587-1642. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Brown, J. R. (1962) Theater research and the Criticism of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries Shakespeare Quarterly, 13 Falco, R. (2000) Charismatic Authority in Early Modern English Tragedy. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. Goldberg, D. (1987) Between Worlds: A study of the plays of John Webster, Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Greenblatt, S. (1985) Invisible Bullets: Renaissance Authority and Its Subversion, Henry IV and Henry V in J. Dollimore and A. Sinfield, (eds.), Political Shakespeare: New Essays in Cultural Materialism , pp. 18-47. Manchester: Manchester University Press. - (1980) Renaissance Self-Fashioning: from More to Shakespeare. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Heywood, T. (1973) An Apology for Actors (1612). New York: Garland. (1961) A Woman Killed with Kindness. R. W. Van Fossen (ed). London: Mentheun Co. Kistner, A.L. and Kistner, M.K (1993) Free Choice in The White Devil English Studies, 74, no. 3: 258-267 Marlowe, C. (1993) Doctor Faustus. D. Bevington and E. Rasmussen (eds). Manchester: Manchester University Press. -(1995) Tamburlaine. D. Bevington and E. Rasmussen (eds). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Moretti, F. (1982) †A Huge Eclipse†: Tragic Form and the Deconsecration of Sovereignty, in The Power of Forms in the English Renaissance, S. Greenblatt (ed). Norman, Oklahoma: Pilgrim Books. Powell, C.L. (1917) English Domestic Relations 1487-1653. New York: Columbia University Press. Sidney, P. (1971) An Apologie for Poetrie. New York: De Capo Press. Webster, J. (1983) The Selected Play of John Webster. J. Dollimore and A. Sinfield (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Re-creating Visions of Childhood in Livelys Oleander, Jacaranda :: Oleander Jacaranda

Re-creating Visions of Childhood in Lively's 'Oleander, Jacaranda'  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Penelope Lively's 'Oleander, Jacaranda' is a novella that incorporates three large, complex issues. Lively describes aspects of her childhood, discusses the philosophy behind these 'frozen moments' as she tells of the incidents she recollects and gives a thorough portrayal of Egypt in the nineteen thirties and forties. Lively uses a number of different techniques and language skills in this rather complicated novel. I will discuss the way she attempts to achieve this and will summarize with my personal opinion as to whether or not I think she succeeds. The author writes about the 'brilliant frozen moments' that are the static images from her childhood that are lodged firmly in her' head. I think the statement she makes regarding these 'moments' in that they are 'distorted by the wisdom's of maturity' is an accurate point to make. The images are presented in the present tense giving the feeling of realism to her childhood perceptions. I think Lively demonstrates her passion for these memories in the language she uses to describe them. The images are not always pleasant ones. For example, she writes about her fear of the animals that she doesn't understand: 'The stuffed form of a Nile catfish of great size' leaves her 'shuddering'. Her fear of the ferocious creatures that inhabit the environment she lives in are brought alive by her vivid descriptions. The lion house where the animals 'slink to and fro' harbors a potent 'unmistakable' smell, which she imagines she smells at Bulaq Dakhrur.   Here she illustrates her fear by the use of clipped short sentences that are questions as she is obviously uncertain for her safety as she'belts towards the house, given wings by primeval terror'. I think it is apparent that the frozen moments have remained with clarity in her mind due to the enormous emotional content of each one. She remembers leaving Bulaq Dakhrur and discovering the kit bags of the boys who never came back. At the beginning of Chapter 4, at the young age of six, she is taken by her mother (another unpleasant event linked with her mother) to a'pre-Dynastic burial' where she views a skeleton lying in the 'foetal position'- a startling juxtaposition of life next to death. At other times, she uses sensual descriptions to emphasise a single moment- 'the blurry chintz' the 'clacking needles' all sounds and textures and smells that engulfed her in her 'filmy white tent'. Re-creating Visions of Childhood in Lively's 'Oleander, Jacaranda' :: Oleander Jacaranda Re-creating Visions of Childhood in Lively's 'Oleander, Jacaranda'  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Penelope Lively's 'Oleander, Jacaranda' is a novella that incorporates three large, complex issues. Lively describes aspects of her childhood, discusses the philosophy behind these 'frozen moments' as she tells of the incidents she recollects and gives a thorough portrayal of Egypt in the nineteen thirties and forties. Lively uses a number of different techniques and language skills in this rather complicated novel. I will discuss the way she attempts to achieve this and will summarize with my personal opinion as to whether or not I think she succeeds. The author writes about the 'brilliant frozen moments' that are the static images from her childhood that are lodged firmly in her' head. I think the statement she makes regarding these 'moments' in that they are 'distorted by the wisdom's of maturity' is an accurate point to make. The images are presented in the present tense giving the feeling of realism to her childhood perceptions. I think Lively demonstrates her passion for these memories in the language she uses to describe them. The images are not always pleasant ones. For example, she writes about her fear of the animals that she doesn't understand: 'The stuffed form of a Nile catfish of great size' leaves her 'shuddering'. Her fear of the ferocious creatures that inhabit the environment she lives in are brought alive by her vivid descriptions. The lion house where the animals 'slink to and fro' harbors a potent 'unmistakable' smell, which she imagines she smells at Bulaq Dakhrur.   Here she illustrates her fear by the use of clipped short sentences that are questions as she is obviously uncertain for her safety as she'belts towards the house, given wings by primeval terror'. I think it is apparent that the frozen moments have remained with clarity in her mind due to the enormous emotional content of each one. She remembers leaving Bulaq Dakhrur and discovering the kit bags of the boys who never came back. At the beginning of Chapter 4, at the young age of six, she is taken by her mother (another unpleasant event linked with her mother) to a'pre-Dynastic burial' where she views a skeleton lying in the 'foetal position'- a startling juxtaposition of life next to death. At other times, she uses sensual descriptions to emphasise a single moment- 'the blurry chintz' the 'clacking needles' all sounds and textures and smells that engulfed her in her 'filmy white tent'.