Interviewing The Dealings Of Directing Interviews

According to Maccoby and Maccoby (1954) interviews are a face-to-face oral conversation where one person tries to produce expressions or information of belief or views from another person (1954: 449 in Brinkmann, 2013: 1-2). One form of interviewing in this sense is qualitative interviewing. Qualitative interviewing today has become an important method in social science as well as other scientific backgrounds such as education and the health sciences, with some arguing that interviewing has become the dominant source through which the social sciences and society engage with the matters which are of concern to us (Rapley, 2001 in Brinkmann, 2013: 1). Most might assume that a book on qualitative interviewing would concentrate specifically on the dealings of directing interviews. In Reflective Interviewing: A Guide to Theory and Practice by Kathryn Roulston (2010) this viewpoint and much more than that is presented (Cooper, 2010). Here she reports ways that the theoretical perspectives of the researcher can advise not just the interview itself but also each phase of the interview process (Cooper, 2010). This work applies a methodology to qualitative interviews where Roulston (2010) differentiates and defines qualitative interviews in terms of their theoretical orientations. These typologies she describes to be neo-positivist, romantic, constructionist, postmodern, transformative and de-colonizing (Wolgemuth et al, 2015). Taking particular focus on two of the typologiesShow MoreRelatedInterview With The Management Principles Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization, managers carry out technical and interpersonal activities and work through and with other people. PPG 4. This paper will summarize my interview with such manager, along with the description of the purpose of interview, brief introduction of the interviewee and his organization. The paper will also relate ideas and topics covered in the interview with the management principles in healthcare and finally explain what was learnt in this process. I interviewed Grant Landsbach - Data Integrity/MPIRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Lucy Walkers Waste Land1205 Words   |  5 Pagestheir economic standing for granted or believe they cannot make a difference using their talents and abilities. Through the use of interviews and camera shots, the film shines a harsh light on social issues including but not limited to the corruption of the Brazilian government, the poor distribution of wealth, and the destruction of the environment. By interviewing the pickers about their occupations and personal life stories, Walker strengthens her credibility and engenders the audience`s sentimentsRead Morecase study student development1772 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst year on the Resident Assistant Selection committee. The school holds twenty positions and currently has seven available. Cheryl is the head of the RA Selection committee and she is the Assistant Director of Residence Life. The committee will interview nineteen students and rank them from â€Å"best† to â€Å"not ready† for the position. In the ranking process, Cheryl asked them to take note of candidates’ race and ethnicity based on observable features and/or names. Out of the nineteen students, five wereRead MoreCoercive Interrogations And The Elicitation Of False Confessions2502 Words   |  11 Pagesinfluential manual on interrogation.’ In the widely used Criminal Interrogations and Confessions, Inbau et al advocate a three-step examination process: (1) ‘The gathering of evidence and interviewing of victims and witnesses; (2) A non-accusatorial interview of the suspect using the ‘Behaviour Analysis Interview’ to assess any evidence of deception; and (3) An accusatorial-focused interrogation in which a nine-step technique is implemented.’ Within the nine-step process, an interrogator ‘psychologicallyRead MoreResearch Proposal2386 Words   |  10 Pagesinterpretations on how people think. Through this design method, the collection of data will be gathered through structured interviewing to a specific group of personnel in this case consisting of nurses in which the same list of questions, some open-ended questions will be asked and in the same sequence. â€Å"Standardized open-ended interviews are likely the most popular form of interviewing utilized in research studies because of the nature of the open-ended questions, allowing the participants to fully expressRead MoreEssay about Burger Kings SWOT Analysis2078 Words   |  9 Pages Planning is interpreted as the setting of goals and deciding how to achieve them. It also means dealing with uncertainty by formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results. The focus of this paper will be on Burger King, which is the second largest fast food restaurant chain in the US. Burger King Corporation was founded by James McLamore and David Edgerton in 1954 in Miami, Florida. Burger king is known for serving a high-quality, great-tasting, and affordable foodRead MoreSenior Supply Management Specialist Of A Manufacturing Company1988 Words   |  8 Pagessuccess of an organization. One job title of supply management is a Supply Chain Management Specialist. A Supply Chain Management Specialist plans, organizes and manages supply and service functions within and organization. The help a company by directing actions to improving supply conditions, practices and command policy. They may also be the lead in corrective actions taken in the event of miss use or property loss in a company. Another job title within the supply management field is a Supply TechnicianRead MoreThe Hawthorne Studies2022 Words   |  9 PagesMIT professor of biology and public health (Wren amp; Bediean 2009). 3.3 The Interviewing process Another study that contributed much to our understanding of the human relations movement was the Interviewing process (1928–1930). 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Supervision is important as a means of promoting managerialRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pages04-Marshall-4864.qxd 2/1/2006 3:16 PM Page 97 4 Data Collection Methods ⠝â€" ⠝â€" ⠝â€" Q ualitative researchers typically rely on four methods for gathering information: (a) participating in the setting, (b) observing directly, (c) interviewing in depth, and (d) analyzing documents and material culture. These form the core of their inquiry—the staples of the diet. Several secondary and specialized methods of data collection supplement them. This chapter provides a brief discussion of the primary and

Effects Of Nutrition Information Inclusion At Fast Food...

Effects of Nutrition Information Inclusion at Fast Food Restaurants Philadelphia’s menu labeling law has required chain restaurants like McDonald’s to include nutritional information about the food they serve on their menu boards. For the law to be effective in changing the health condition of citizens in Philadelphia, it is crucial for citizens to fully understand the nutrition information listed. â€Å"In order for fast food consumers to respond to calorie information on menu boards it is necessary that they both notice and understand the posted calorie information† (Breck 31). The importance of understanding nutrition to be able to acknowledge caloric information is noted in an article titled, â€Å"Who reports noticing and using calorie information posted on fast-food restaurant menus?†. Published by Breck, he studies the demographics of who pays attention to nutritional labels on menu boards when Philadelphia’s menu labeling law took place in 2010. McDonald’s and other fast food restaurant’s inclu sion of nutritional information has been unsuccessful in greatly improving the health of citizens within Philadelphia since not all consumers have the knowledge to understand the value of proper nutrition. Breck’s study examined 8 different McDonalds locations within Philadelphia, as well as two other fast food restaurants that played a role in feeding the city. McDonalds, Burger King, and KFC had the largest restaurant presence in the city (Breck 31). From the self-reported responses ofShow MoreRelatedThe Food And Drug Administration1903 Words   |  8 Pageslawmakers have promoted as a step forward required calorie labeling on restaurant menus. Such legislation passed as a portion of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 and will be in effect as of December 1, 2016. On December 1, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration released a Final Rule clarifying the requirements, which include easy-to-see calorie counts for all â€Å"standard menu items,† as well as the inclusion of statements communicating the average daily intake of 2,000 caloriesRead MoreMcFit Marketing Strategy Plan Essay5504 Words   |  23 PagesWhite Castle restaurant introduced the concept of fast food in Wichita, Kansas, offering quality hamburgers prepared in open view (Wilson, Unkn). By the 1960s, several fast food restaurants began serving across the nation, including Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and McDonald’s (Wilson, Unkn). Eventually, fast food became so common that â€Å"†¦by the end of the twentieth century†¦96% of Americans had visited McDonald’s at least once† (Random History.com, 2009). Today, fast food restaurants help formRead MoreHealth Knowledge Essay2145 Words   |  9 Pageschoices play a crucial role in the hea lth of people as the decisions made about certain behaviours can be one of the most important factors influencing the likelihood of ill health and premature death. This essay will discuss some of the detrimental effects that poor nutritional intake and alcohol consumption have on health and how they prevent a person from reaching their best level of health in relation to the dimensions of health and wellness proposed by Donatelle (2011). In addition, two health Read MoreA Brief Note On Subway, A Multinational Fast Food Chain2472 Words   |  10 Pagescrisp information with entertainment has a powerful lure. According to an article in Wall Street Journal (July 2010), companies are now considering the use of mix of business models to get better results from the ever-changing customer demands. All of the e-business companies consider the same objects for their business but with different perspectives. 1.1. Background of the Organisation Subway, a multinational fast food chain is one of the fastest growing franchises with 42,938 restaurants in 107Read MoreSubway Restaurants Essays21330 Words   |  86 Pagesmarket research project exploring customer expectation, satisfaction and behaviour in relation fast food restaurants. Particular attention is paid to Subway restaurants outlining the key strategies needed in order to increase popularity and therefore visitor numbers. The Research Focus forms the backdrop of the study highlighting the background of the problem of obesity levels and the availability of fast food choices. 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Domino s Enterprise functions within the quick service pizza restaurant and is known for its legendary handmade pizza products, baked sandwiches and stuffed cheesy crusts. Besides pioneering the efficiency of delivery, they had continuously executed several innovative pizza delivery methods that had made impact in theRead MoreFood Security Bill3518 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction National Food Security Bill (referred to as NFSB in this report) is a proposed act which makes food availability a right for every citizen of India. The bill has come about after discussion amongst large number of stakeholders including right to food campaigners, National Advisory Council (NAC) and Government of India. There is a widespread agreement about the intension of the food security and a visibly clear gap about how to implement it. 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The Core Challenges of Managing Change in the Workplace Today Free Essays

I am writing this article in order to identify how change is managed in business, given today’s economic downturn. In order to do this I am going to compare the experiences of a manager in a large business, which is faced with challenges and change nearly everyday. This will give me an insight into the real challenges of a manager and how these compare to the examples given in the literature that is written around this topic. We will write a custom essay sample on The Core Challenges of Managing Change in the Workplace Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have also chosen this topic, as it is appropriate for the module I study and I have to complete such research in order to further me in this module.Change is ‘an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another. ’ (Worldnetweb – change definition) Although change does cause challenges which are difficult to overcome and can have negative outcomes as well as positive ones, ‘organizational success requires integrating both change and stability’ and ‘some cultures warn that organizations must change or dies’ therefore suggesting that ‘stability breeds complacency. ’ (Paula J. Caproni – Page 284) An expansion on change is change management, which is the part that the managers of companies are in control of.This management of the change is the process that prevents problems and deals with the challenges faced. Change management is ‘an integral part of all managerial work that copes with the changing patterns of resource input and knowledge available to work organizations and the shifting demands made upon them by the parties with which they deal, and initiates changes that manager perceive to be in their interests or the interests of those who employ them. ’ (Tony Watson – Page 448) A challenge is ‘a demanding or simulating situation. (Worldnetweb – challenge definition) Challenges are a struggle for someone like a manager to deal with but are something that someone in such power becomes used to as they occur so often in a working environment. Sometimes challenges can be seen as beneficial as managers thrive on the completion of them. For example, according to psychologist Mihay Csikszentmihalyi ‘We are more likely to feel engaged in a task if it requires skill that stretch out abilities yet are still within our reach. (Paula J. Caproni – Page 395) I believe the challenges of change within a business to be and an important topic as the handling of such challenges is what makes a good or bad manager. A manager who can efficiently sort out the challenges faced by a business and can draw positives from the results of the change that has occurred is a manager who is useful for the business and who can drive them to success.Studying in depth into some of the changes that occur within a business an the challenges that arise and how they are dealt with gives an insight into how badly or poorly managers deal with situations and can be used as a case study for managers to take note and incorporate the good techniques and prevent the bad ones. Some changes that come about in a business can be difficult to just enforce, therefore creating challenges for the manager in charge.The key challenges that arose from my research were, the laying off of long serving members of staff, the adjustment of staff to new technology, the litigation involved with splitting with a joint venture and also the struggle of the economic downturn on a market which has particularly struggled, the housing market. Fo r the first scenario the manager took the decision to lay off the workers, although they were long standing, as this was what was best for the business in the current downturn of the economic climate.The positives of the actions of the manager are that they looked at the overall positive not the individual negative therefore benefiting the company. The process of reducing the workforce in a business is one that takes strong leadership and a great deal of thought. ‘The leaders of structural changes must implement a process that ensures equity and due consideration to employees. ’ (Garg, Rajiv Kumar, Singh, T P – Dec 2002) This example being similar to that of the manager I interviewed whereby the selection of who should be told to leave and who shouldn’t rests solely on their shoulders and it’s a decision that takes a strong character.Weakness in the leader can result in the wrong decision being made, for example selecting close friendship employees to stay on rather than a more capable worker. Secondly the introduction of new IT technology brought about challenges as some of the older more longer standing members of staff were used to the training for the old software. This was dealt with well by instead of employing more staff and getting rid of the less capable staff, the manage decided to mix up the work teams so that experience was mixed with inexperience, allowing on the job training to occur from employ ee to employee.The journal of managing change (Harding P, 2004) states that ‘ for change to be effective it needs to be implemented at all levels; embedded in the culture of the organization. To keep colleagues with you on this they need to be motivated and you need to understand what motivates them. ’ This is linked to the challenge this manager experienced as they had to implement a new IT system across the whole of the company whether people wanted it or not and in order to make sure they worked with it and kept their work rates up they had to make sure they were motivated to understand the technology.As mentioned before this was done by integration of teams which will have helped to motivate staff as on the job training is usually successful in these situations. Another challenge for the manager was the split with a joint venture in which the joint venture decided to take legal action against the process of the split. This can cause major problems within the business if the process wasn’t taken out correctly.The manager has learnt from this experience and the challenges it presented, that before legal binding with someone they should be researched thoroughly deciding whether they are right for the venture required and has similar goals to themselves. ‘In j oint ventures the interfirm relationship between the parents plays an important role. Van der Meer-Kooistra and Vosselman (2000) argue that in addition to transaction characteristics, it is the characteristics of the co-operating parties which shape control. In a joint venture there are four important relational characteristics: parental differences, information asymmetry, trust, and bargaining power. ’ (Pieter E. Kamminga – Jan 2007) These four points relate to the challenge of the manager as they struggled when splitting with a joint venture. This was down to a lack of trust, differences in views and bad information on the type of business the joint venture were. It is mistakes like this that will train the manager for the future and therefore improve the businesses potential at getting a more suitable joint venture.Challenges regularly occur when working to a deadline on a major project and this was apparent when the manager had to deal with the process of the purchase of a large competitor and the deadline work involved so that the transaction went through smoothly. In this instance a team had to be made and this team had to effective and efficient in order to complete before the deadline but make sure they were accurat e and precise with the work they did. This team had to be managed and put together through a selection process, in order to make sure the task was carried out correctly.This is a prime example of what was once said by Dwight D Eisenhower, ‘Leadership: The art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. ’ (Thinkexist. com – quotes) This quote relates to this real life example as the change and leadership that occurred was something that both the manager and the employees wanted to do, as the manager wanted the task complete in order to better the business and the workers were incentivized by the bonus that was available for successful completion on time. This motion of both parties wanting to make something happen can improve efficiency and quality dramatically.Finally the challenge which has been present throughout all the other challenges discussed and has also been one of the main factors affecting decisions made is the challenge of dealing with the current downf all in the economic climate, which has hit the housing market harder than most. This has been a challenge for the manager as they have had to adjust targets accordingly as customers have less incentives to purchase houses in the current climate, they have also had to keep staff happy as the downturn has caused loss of jobs and therefore a fall in morale. Financial and economic collapses in 2007-2008 and 1929-1930 followed unprecedented residential mortgage credit expansions. Industry suffered from declining expenditures on housing and durable goods, and income fell when production and employment declined. ’ (Vernon L. Smith and Steven Gjerstad – Jan 2010) This is the result of the economic crisis that occurred whereby housing was one of the hardest hit industries. This put extreme strain on the workforce and the managers themselves, as they had to incorporate skills that weren’t necessary before hand.All of the changes above that the manager had to go about sorting and controlling came about because of a business trying to better itself and improve its current ways. The changes were therefore highly affected throughout by the economic crisis and the effects it had on businesses. Budgets had to be reassessed, jobs had to be taken into consideration and downsizing in some departments had to be done. All of these in order to keep costs low, profits high and make sure the business survived. Most of these decisions have to be made by the manager as they have control of the different teams, including the finance and the HR.From the challenges that the manager has gone through I have been able to come to the conclusion about what the manager has done well and what could be improved in certain situations. Concluding the first situation, what the manager did well was that he decided who was made redundant based upon their ability to the job rather than whom they liked or were close to. This therefore meant the sacking of people he was friendly with but in order to make the decision and change beneficial this had to be done.This therefore suggests that the manager has the businesses long-term success in mind and shows a strong character. The second challenge was also dealt with well as the manager incorporated change with as little detrimental effect as possible. Instead of spending more money on training or having to get rid of the staff that couldn’t use the technology, the teams of people was mixed and training took part this way for no cost. In this certain circumstance this was highly beneficial as the staff that were unable to use the technology were the long-standing taff that had greater knowledge and experience of the industry and other pieces of older technology. With the next challenge the manager openly admitted that they had made a mistake when entering into joint venture with a company that weren’t suitable to be joined with them. This problem came about due to lack of research into the business and this meant, as described by the manager ‘acrimonious split. ’ In the future the manager should set a team to research the business thoroughly throughout its past and also how it ma rkets itself.Also a face-to-face meeting would allow the manager to get a realistic opinion on what their morals and ethics are around business and customers. The fourth challenge that was discussed by the manager was the merging with a large competitor and the process of leading up to it, assessing if the takeover was going to be beneficial or detrimental. This was done well on the face of things as it was said that the team was selected and offered a bonus based on performance, both of which are high motivators.However the fact that some people were picked and some people weren’t picked could have a damaging effect on the people who weren’t as they feel below fellow workers, on the other hand it could motivate them more as they may be determined to prove their ability to the manager. Finally the final challenge which overall as the main challenge as it was one that ran throughout the others, this was the economic crisis/downturn that occurred worldwide but more importantly nationally. The manager’s positives and negatives are hard to measure in this case, as currently it is an ongoing problem.The best way to asses ho w well they have done is looking at the over all results of the other challenges as most of these have been done in the current economic climate, so have had to shape their changes round that. The high experience and educational background allowed the manager to be able to quickly assess the economic situation and come up with solutions to the ongoing problems it creates. ReferencesChange definition – http://wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=change Caproni, Paula J (2005) – Management skills for everyday life 2nd edition: Why change is important (Page 284)Harding, P. – Managing change 2004 (http://www. oursouthwest. com/SusBus/mggchange. pdf) James M. Kouzes, Barry Z. Posner – Encouraging the heart (http://media. iley. com/product_data/excerpt/40/07879418/0787941840-1. pdf)C. Dean Pielstick – The Transforming Leader: A Meta-Ethnographic Analysis (http://www. ila-net. org/Publications/Proceedings/1998/Pielstick. pdf) How to cite The Core Challenges of Managing Change in the Workplace Today, Papers

Data Mining for Command Line Interface -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theData Mining for Command Line Interface. Answer: Features of Data Mining tool Data mining tools have various features which perform various functions. The key features include graphical interface, command line interface, API, algorithms, In-memory, interactive dashboard, multiple file support, and data management methods. Each data mining tool has an interface which allows users to interact with the tool. Some tools have a graphical user interface (GUI) while others have both GUI and command line interfaces. GUI is aimed at allowing users to complete data mining projects without the need of programming languages (Mikut, 2011). GUI is relatively easy to use for most people especially non-programmers. This is because command line interface (CLI) require technical knowledge in various programming languages such as python, R, Java, etc. Data mining tools with CLI allow users to access all features and are useful for scripting large data mining jobs. Most data mining tools have APIs which are key in data mining (Han, 2011). These APIs are used to perform varying functions. For example, a particular API can be used to mine trends from input data. Webhost.io is a data mining API that allows users to find structured web data that an be leveraged to scale big data operations. Other functions of the APIs include extracting data from the web, grouping sentences or short texts, retrieving data from wiki data store, encrypt data, etc. Data mining tools such as Weka and Rapid Miner have an API which can be integrated into custom applications. Data mining is dependent on algorithms which are designed to analyze specific aspects in a dataset. Data mining tools have a set of algorithms which are used independently or in combination to analyze the data. Selection algorithms are the most common in data mining tools. They are classified as wrapper, filter, and embedded methods. Filter methods rely on a measure to assign a score to each feature. Some of the filter methods include information gain, and Chi-squared test. Wrapper methods view the selection process as a search problem which involves different combinations that have to be compared. The methods consider a predictive model which assigns a score and apply a methodical search process. Recursive feature elimination algorithm is an example of a wrapper method. Also, embedded method is one of the features in data mining tools which are in improving the accuracy of models. It is common for data mining tools to have an in-memory database which is a system that uses main memory for data storage. Main memory is much faster than disk databases as access to disk tends to be slow. This feature is critical in enhancing the processing speed of the tool when mining data. Main memory incorporates simple internal optimization algorithms and has few CPU instructions which enhances the performance of the data mining tool. These tools also integrate an interactive dashboard that includes various options that users can leverage to view the results of the data mining process. The dashboard is aimed at making the tools easy to use for many people (Romero, 2008). With a dashboard, new users can easily apply data filters and algorithms to analyze the datasets available. It also allows users to create charts and graphs from the data. Since data mining tools handle various kinds of data from different sources, they support multiple file formats. Some tools may handle specific data format, but most support a lot of formats. Some of the formats supported including CSV, XML, HTML/A, TIFF, GeoTIFF, MP3, MOV, among others. Multiple file support is an important feature that is considered when purchasing data mining tool. Additionally, these tools have various data management methods aimed at enhancing the data mining process. Some of the methods are data preparation and data filtering. Before processing the dataset obtained, the data has to be filtered to avoid skewed results that may not represent the reality. How data mining realize the value of data warehouse Data warehouse plays an instrumental role in integrating data from different databases. The objective of the data warehouse is not to store data but help firms to make informed decisions based on the insight gained from the data. It supports this goal by offering an architecture for organizing and assessing data from various sources. In data warehouses, data may be stored in flat files, database tables, or spreadsheets. To realize the value of a data warehouse, it is critical to obtain knowledge from the information stored. However, due to the amount and complexity of data, it is challenging for data analysts to determine trends and relationships using simple query tools. Data mining is an effective way of extracting knowledge such as trends and patterns from the data. Data mining process involves analyzing data and generating useful information. It relies on complex data analysis tools to identify patterns and relationships in datasets stored within the data warehouse. These tools are more advanced than querying tools as they use complicated algorithms to analyze the datasets (Van der Aalst, 2011). With data mining, firms can leverage their large datasets to identify patterns that may have business implications. Many businesses apply data mining to gain business intelligence that is vital in aligning with market trends and competing with rivals. Data mining enables businesses with warehouses to identify patterns that can be used to predict trends. Data mining tools include predictive models which assist in predicting future trends based on the patterns observed in the datasets. For example, a fashion company that sells fashion products to its customers and has a data warehouse can leverage data mining tools to predict future trends in the fashion industry. Data on customer purchasing behavior as well as customer growth can be vital in predicting business growth expected by the company (Ngai, 2009). For firms that work in the marketing industry, it is essential to understand customer behavior and habits. Such firms have data warehouses that hold customer data and their purchasing history. With data mining systems, the firms can analyze customer data and determine customer profiles. Results from such a process are helpful in monitoring customer habits. The firms can gain value from the results by leveraging them to build customer-oriented marketing campaigns. Knowledge can be vital when making decisions. While data warehouse contains vast amounts of data, firms cannot benefit from it unless they obtain knowledge. Data mining helps to identify important patterns and relationships which can be incorporated into business applications. Through data mining, firm managers can have access to crucial insight that can help them to make precise business decisions. Firms that collect information from their customer and operations have a competitive advantage over their rivals. Such information can be mined to acquire knowledge about market changes, customer, and preferences. Data mining is key in supporting market-based analysis on the data available in the data warehouses. The process involves information that is gathered on the basis of market information from various sources. With data mining tools, firms can analyze the market and identify key trends that should be considered in business planning to maintain the competitiveness of the firm in the market. Additionally, data mining allows banks to gain value and protect their operations. Marketing analysis which is enabled by data mining process helps bank firms to find fraud. Banks can identify customers involved in fraud and close their accounts to protect their operations. References Han, J., Pei, J., Kamber, M. (2011).Data mining: concepts and techniques. Elsevier. Mikut, R., Reischl, M. (2011). Data mining tools.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery,1(5), 431-443. Ngai, E. W., Xiu, L., Chau, D. C. (2009). Application of data mining techniques in customer relationship management: A literature review and classification.Expert systems with applications,36(2), 2592-2602. Romero, C., Ventura, S., Garca, E. (2008). Data mining in course management systems: Moodle case study and tutorial.Computers Education,51(1), 368-384. Van der Aalst, W. M. (2011). Data Mining. InProcess Mining(pp. 59-91). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.